http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01283/full
Prophage Integrase Typing Is a Useful Indicator of Genomic Diversity in Salmonella enterica
Anna Colavecchio1, Yasmin D’Souza1, Elizabeth Tompkins1, Julie Jeukens2, Luca Freschi2, Jean-Guillaume Emond-Rheault2, Irena Kukavica-Ibrulj2, Brian Boyle2, Sadjia Bekal3, Sandeep Tamber4, Roger C. Levesque2 and Lawrence D. Goodridge1
1Food Safety and Quality Program, Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
2Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
3Pathogènes entériques et Bioterrorisme, Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
4Salmonella Research Laboratory, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
ABSTRACT
Salmonella enterica is a bacterial species that is a major cause of illness in humans and food-producing animals. S. enterica exhibits considerable inter-serovar diversity, as evidenced by the large number of host adapted serovars that have been identified. The development of methods to assess genome diversity in S. enterica will help to further define the limits of diversity in this foodborne pathogen. Thus, we evaluated a PCR assay, which targets prophage integrase genes, as a rapid method to investigate S. enterica genome diversity. To evaluate the PCR prophage integrase assay, 49 isolates of S. enterica were selected, including 19 clinical isolates from clonal serovars (Enteritidis and Heidelberg) that commonly cause human illness, and 30 isolates from food-associated Salmonella serovars that rarely cause human illness. The number of integrase genes identified by the PCR assay was compared to the number of integrase genes within intact prophages identified by whole genome sequencing and phage finding program PHASTER. The PCR assay identified a total of 147 prophage integrase genes within the 49 S. enterica genomes (79 integrase genes in the food-associated Salmonella isolates, 50 integrase genes in S. Enteritidis, and 18 integrase genes in S. Heidelberg). In comparison, whole genome sequencing and PHASTER identified a total of 75 prophage integrase genes within 102 intact prophages in the 49 S. entericagenomes (44 integrase genes in the food-associated Salmonella isolates, 21 integrase genes in S. Enteritidis, and 9 integrase genes in S. Heidelberg). Collectively, both the PCR assay and PHASTER identified the presence of a large diversity of prophage integrase genes in the food-associated isolates compared to the clinical isolates, thus indicating a high degree of diversity in the food-associated isolates, and confirming the clonal nature of S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg. Moreover, PHASTER revealed a diversity of 29 different types of prophages and 23 different integrase genes within the food-associated isolates, but only identified four different phages and integrase genes within clonal isolates of S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg. These results demonstrate the potential usefulness of PCR based detection of prophage integrase genes as a rapid indicator of genome diversity in S. enterica.